Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the effect of ibuprofen administration on the pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of pain and inflammation. Methods: Thirty-one healthy subjects (12-37 years) were enrolled, and a placebo group (n=15) was used for the study. The ibuprofen dose was fixed in the morning, and ibuprofen concentrations were measured at each time point. The pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using a noncompartmental analysis, and the body weight and the dose were analyzed using an analysis of variance. Results: Ibuprofen dose, mean ± standard deviation, mean ± S. D. was 6.4 ± 1.8 mg/kg, and the mean ± SD was 3.2 ± 1.5 kg. The pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly different (P < 0.001) between the ibuprofen and placebo groups. The mean ± S. values of the ibuprofen and placebo groups were similar. In conclusion, the ibuprofen dose and its concentration were similar between the groups. Ibuprofen concentrations were significantly higher in the ibuprofen group than in the placebo group. The ibuprofen dose in the ibuprofen group was lower than that in the placebo group. Conclusion: Ibuprofen administration was effective in reducing the blood concentration of ibuprofen in healthy subjects. This study showed that the administration of ibuprofen reduces the pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in healthy volunteers. The results suggest that ibuprofen can reduce the blood concentrations of ibuprofen in healthy subjects. The results of this study should be of therapeutic importance for the prevention and treatment of pain and inflammation.
Citation:Muller M, Guller A, et al. (2021) Determination of ibuprofen concentration and pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in healthy volunteers. PLoS ONE 20(11): e0199089. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199089
Editor:R. J. H. Johnson, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
Received:January 23, 2023;Accepted:January 29, 2023;Published:May 8, 2025
Copyright:© 2025 Mallon. All rights reserved. This is a work of the original author(s) without any warranty from the manufacturer. The above copyright is not required for any of the above authors.
Funding:This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Korea Ministry of Sciencechiruk (NRF-2019-003). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of pain and inflammation [
]. Ibuprofen is a potent NSAID with a short half-life, and its plasma concentration is approximately 1.5-fold higher than that of aspirin. The oral administration of ibuprofen can reduce pain and inflammation [
Ibuprofen is an analgesic with analgesic and antipyretic activity [
Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has analgesic and antipyretic properties [
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It also inhibits platelet aggregation and protects platelets from the effects of oxidative stress, and reduces prostaglandin synthesis [
Ibuprofen has a high affinity for the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) [
Ibuprofen is a well-known NSAID, and studies have demonstrated that it has anti-inflammatory properties that can decrease pain and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease [
The effect of ibuprofen on the pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen has been reported in several studies [
The following is an updated list of drug companies that manufacture and sell prescription drugs. In this list, the names of the drug companies are used to differentiate the product. Prescription drugs are usually called generic drugs, because they are the same thing as the original product, and they have the same active ingredients, as well as the same mechanism of action.
If you have questions about the drugs you’re taking, talk with your doctor. They can provide guidance on how to choose the right drug for you.
Here are some drug companies that manufacture and sell prescription drugs:
*Medicines, such as aspirin, are used to prevent heart attack and stroke.
Anti-inflammatory pain relievers include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and diclofenac (Voltaren).
Anti-seizure medicinesinclude diflucan (Diflucan) and diclofenac (Voltaren).
NSAIDsinclude naproxen (Aleve), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), and aspirin. It is important to note that these medications are available in generic forms, so the manufacturer and supplier will need to check with your local pharmacy or healthcare professional to find a suitable generic.
Antidepressantsinclude bupropion (Wellbutrin), sertraline (Zoloft), and fluoxetine (Prozac).
Blood pressure medicinesinclude beta-blockers (Carvedilol) and beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists (dapagliflozin).
Antihypertensivesinclude losartan (Cozaar), candesartan (Atacand), and enalapril (Vasotec).
include benazepril (Lotensin) and candesartan (Atacand).
include losartan (Cozaar), candesartan (Atacand), enalapril (Vasotec), and atenolol (Lotensin).
include duloxetine (Cymbalta), doxepin (Adipex), and droperidol (Pepcid).
include dihydrocodeine (Accolate), lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), and enalapril (Vasotec).
include lisinopril (Prinivil), enalapril (Vasotec), and digoxin (Mevacor).
include mirtazapine (Remeron), venlafaxine (Effexor), and desipramine (Norpramin).
include dihydrocodeine (Accolate), doxycycline (Dotab), and enalapril (Vasotec).
include duloxetine (Cymbalta), doxepin (Adipex), and enalapril (Vasotec).
include dihydrocodeine (Accolate), lisinopril (Prinivil), enalapril (Vasotec), and digoxin (Mevacor).
There is a huge demand for over-the-counter (OTC) medicines such as paracetamol and ibuprofen, and more recently, there are over-the-counter (OTC) medicines that provide relief from pain, fever, and inflammation.
In fact, OTC pain relievers are the most common painkiller in the world, with more than one in every 10 people taking it. But over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are a growing concern. And some of these products contain high levels of active ingredients in the active ingredients, which can interact with other medicines, such as vitamins and minerals, and may increase the risk of side effects.
The problem is that, in general, the risk of developing an adverse effect of an OTC painkiller is lower than that of an active ingredient in a prescription medicine, but this can be a concern because the OTC versions of drugs are often sold in lower doses, or are more expensive.
Here are some examples of OTC pain relievers that may interact with the active ingredients in OTC medicines. They are listed below. If you have questions about how to use these products, contact the manufacturers of OTC medicines at the.
These OTC pain relievers are available as over-the-counter pain relievers that can be taken with or without food. They are also available under the brand name Ibuprofen. The OTC versions of these pain relievers have been shown to provide significant relief from pain and fever.
You can take these OTC OTC medicines and you should not take them together with aspirin or other NSAIDs such as aspirin or ibuprofen. The OTC versions of these pain relievers are available without a prescription. But if you take the OTC pain relievers with a prescription, you may be advised to take them with food.
The most commonly used painkillers that are available over-the-counter in the UK include:
The main active ingredients in OTC medicines, namely paracetamol and ibuprofen, are not as potent as some OTC pain relievers because they have the active ingredients in them in their name. You can read about this problem in the article, “”
Ibuprofen is an NSAID, a type of NSAID. It is used to relieve the symptoms of pain, including headaches, arthritis, and menstrual cramps. It is also used to treat the symptoms of fever or pain due to an injury or illness. Ibuprofen works by blocking the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause inflammation.
The active ingredients in ibuprofen are called paracetamol and ibuprofen are also available in a similar way to paracetamol and ibuprofen. The main active ingredients in ibuprofen are called paracetamol and ibuprofen. These two medicines are also available without a prescription as a generic drug.
The most common NSAID in the UK is ibuprofen, sold in a single strength of 200mg, and is available in a single strength of 100mg. This medicine is available in both generic and brand-name versions and the active ingredients are in each of these medicines. Ibuprofen is used to relieve pain and fever, but it is not available over the counter.
Ibuprofen is a medicine that belongs to a group of medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These medicines work by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause inflammation and pain. They are used to relieve pain and fever, and to prevent inflammation and fever in the body.
NSAIDs are also used to treat pain, such as arthritis, fever and pain caused by a disease called rheumatoid arthritis, which is a type of autoimmune disease.
Ibuprofen is an NSAID. It is a type of NSAID that acts by blocking the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause inflammation and pain.
IBUPROFEN contains the active ingredient Ibuprofen. It belongs to a group of medications called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation in conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or Still's disease), arthritis of the spine, ankylosing spondylitis, swollen joints, frozen shoulder, bursitis, tendinitis, tenosynovitis, lower back pain, sprains, and strains. It can also be used to relieve pain and inflammation in many other areas as determined by your doctor.
IBUPROFEN is used to treat the symptoms of pain and inflammation (such as headache, sore throat, muscle aches, pain, tightness, swelling, stiffness, and pain in the joints and/or pain spreading to the bones). It may also reduce the duration and intensity of pain associated with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other conditions. It is also used to relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis and other conditions caused by friction (yawning, tiredness, mood changes, and feelings of anxiety) in muscles and/or joints.
IBUPROFEN may be prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
My doctor has told me to avoid serious side effects unless I am very careful and to take this medication exactly as directed by my doctor.
This medication may make you dizzy or drowsy or blur your vision. Do not drive, use machinery, or do anything that needs mental alertness until you are sure you can perform that task safely.
This medication can cause drowsiness and dizziness. This medication may make you feel sleepy or drowsy, which may make you more sleepy or blur your vision.
Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or think you may become pregnant while taking this medication.
Do not breastfeed while taking this medication.
This medication passes into breast milk and may affect breast-fed infants. Ask your doctor about the risks and benefits.
This medication may decrease the amount of vitamin D (available from a variety of sources including dairy products, calcium and iron products, and vitamin D supplements). Ask your doctor about the benefits of taking this medication for you.
Take this medication with a full glass of water to avoid dehydration and to prevent stomach upset.
Do not crush or chew this medication. It should be in a glass of water, not in your coffee or juice.
This medication may cause stomach upset (such as feeling sick, vomiting, or having a stomach pain) and should be taken with food or milk if you are upset stomach or have had vomiting or diarrhea during treatment.
This medication may make you drowsy or blur your vision. Do not drive, operate machinery, or do anything that needs mental alertness until you are sure you can perform that task safely.
Tell your doctor if you have kidney disease or liver disease before taking this medication.
This medication may affect the results of certain blood pressure test. Your doctor will monitor your blood pressure and heart rate while you are taking this medication.
Do not give this medication to anyone else, even if they have the same symptoms as you.
Ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
This medication passes through breast milk when used as directed. Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits if you are breastfeeding.
It contains Ibuprofen, which belongs to a group of medications called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It works by blocking the production of certain chemicals (chemical messengers) in the body that cause pain and inflammation (such as prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase-2) in response to pain and inflammation.
Ibuprofen belongs to a group of medications called COX-2 inhibitors.
It can reduce the severity of pain and inflammation in conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or Still's disease), and a wide range of other conditions.
It can also relieve fever, reduce inflammation, reduce fever, and reduce symptoms of meningitis (symptoms of brain inflammation and pain in brain areas).
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